ABSTRACT The identities of the following four New World species of Stegana from Costa Rica, Stegana atrimana Malloch, 1924, Stegana nigrita Malloch, 1924, Stegana schildi Malloch, 1924, and Stegana tempifera Malloch, 1924, are clarified, and their redescriptions are provided. According to the original descriptions, the holotypes of the four species, deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM), were males. However, upon dissection of their terminalia, we realized that all but one (S. tempifera) are females. Therefore, redescriptions of their external morphology (and/or terminalia) are mainly based on male paratypes, except for S. schildi, which is based on a male non-type specimen from Panama bearing Malloch’s handwritten identification label. Photomicrographs of the habitus and terminalia, in addition to china ink drawings of the aedeagi and associated sclerites, are included.

Abstract Two conspicuous Steganinae species, Stegana (Steganina) magnifica Hendel, 1913 from Amazonian Peru and Stegana (Ceratostylus) fumipennis (Enderlein, 1922) from southern Brazil, are redescribed based on holotypes, and their identities are clarified. Both species are exclusive to the Neotropical Region and the first, with a body length of about 5.5 mm, is the largest species of Stegana described so far in this region, while the latter displays a peculiar antenna bearing an unusual, forward-projected, comma-shaped flagellomere 1. The photomicrographs of the habitus and terminalia of each specimen are also provided.

ABSTRACT Stegana (Orthostegana) acutangula (Hendel) from Bolivia and Stegana (Steganina) triseta (Duda) from Costa Rica are redescribed based on type specimens, and their identities clarified. A single syntype male of the first species (type species of the subgenus Orthostegana) is designated as a lectotype and one male out of the four Costa Rican syntypes (3 males, 1 female) of the latter species was selected as a lectotype of the Steganina subgenus. The other three (2 males, 1 female) specimens were designated as paralectotypes. All four males were dissected and their terminalia were photomicrographed. The two male Stegana triseta paralectotypes proved to belong to two unknown species closely related to Stegana acutangula, described here as Stegana dudai sp. nov. and Stegana turrialba sp. nov., and another male specimen, collected at Parque Nacional Yasuní, provinces of Napo/Orellana, Ecuador, is described as Stegana yasuni sp. nov. Additionally, we have included photomicrographs of the habitus of the type specimens as well as of some nontype specimens from Peru and Costa Rica. Based on the descriptions herein we not only clarified the status of these five species but also propose including all of them in the subgenus Orthostegana.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a percepção e estratégias de gerenciamento de conflitos utilizadas por enfermeiros na gestão de pessoas em serviços de saúde portugueses. Métodos: estudo descritivo, correlacional, realizado em serviços de saúde portugueses, com amostra não probabilística intencional, totalizando 95 enfermeiros gestores. Utilizou-se um questionário e Escala de Gestão de Conflitos, sendo analisadas as variáveis de atividades gerenciais e de gestão de conflitos, com auxílio de software. Resultados: identificou-se que 60% dos gestores referem ter que mediar conflitos diariamente, e a maioria relata adotar o diálogo na conduta. Entretanto, mediante teste Kruskal-Wallis, evidenciou-se que prevalecem as estratégias de imposição na gestão de conflitos (p = 0,008), sendo as colaborativas mais restritas à periodicidade mensal (p = 0,049). Conclusões: os gestores percebem a importância da colaboração na mediação dos conflitos, contudo, no cotidiano, tendem a manter as condutas impositivas, sinalizando para um estilo de liderança pouco transformacional.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the perception and conflict management strategies used by nurses in the management of people in Portuguese health services. Methods: descriptive, correlational study, carried out in Portuguese health services, with an intentional non-probabilistic sample, totaling 95 nurse managers. A questionnaire and Conflict Management Scale were used, analyzing the variables of managerial activities and conflict management, with the aid of software. Results: it was identified that 60% of the managers, report having to mediate conflicts daily, and the majority report adopting dialogue in conduct. However, through the Kruskal-Wallis test, it was shown that enforcement strategies in conflict management prevail (p = 0.008), with collaborative ones being more restricted to monthly intervals (p = 0.049). Conclusions: managers perceive the importance of collaboration in the mediation of conflicts, however, in their daily lives; they tend to maintain imposing behaviors, signaling for a little transformational leadership style.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la percepción y estrategias de administración de conflictos utilizadas por enfermeros en la gestión de personas en servicios de salud portugueses. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, correlacional, realizado en servicios de salud portugueses, con muestra no probabilística intencional, totalizando 95 enfermeros gestores. Se utilizó un cuestionario y escala de gestión de conflictos, siendo analizadas, con auxilio de software, las variables de actividades gerenciales y de gestión de conflictos. Resultados: se identificó que 60% de los gestores refieren tener que mediar conflictos diariamente, y la mayoría refiere adoptar el diálogo en la conducta. Entretanto, mediante test Kruskal-Wallis, se ha evidenciado que prevalecen las estrategias de imposición en la gestión de conflictos (p = 0,008), siendo las colaborativas más restrictas a la periodicidad mensual (p = 0,049). Conclusiones: los gestores perciben la importancia de la colaboración en la mediación de los conflictos, sin embargo, en el cotidiano, tienden a mantener las conductas impositivas, señalizando para un estilo de liderazgo poco transformacional.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the perception and conflict management strategies used by nurses in the management of people in Portuguese health services. Methods: descriptive, correlational study, carried out in Portuguese health services, with an intentional non-probabilistic sample, totaling 95 nurse managers. A questionnaire and Conflict Management Scale were used, analyzing the variables of managerial activities and conflict management, with the aid of software. Results: it was identified that 60% of the managers, report having to mediate conflicts daily, and the majority report adopting dialogue in conduct. However, through the Kruskal-Wallis test, it was shown that enforcement strategies in conflict management prevail (p = 0.008), with collaborative ones being more restricted to monthly intervals (p = 0.049). Conclusions: managers perceive the importance of collaboration in the mediation of conflicts, however, in their daily lives; they tend to maintain imposing behaviors, signaling for a little transformational leadership style.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la percepción y estrategias de administración de conflictos utilizadas por enfermeros en la gestión de personas en servicios de salud portugueses. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, correlacional, realizado en servicios de salud portugueses, con muestra no probabilística intencional, totalizando 95 enfermeros gestores. Se utilizó un cuestionario y escala de gestión de conflictos, siendo analizadas, con auxilio de software, las variables de actividades gerenciales y de gestión de conflictos. Resultados: se identificó que 60% de los gestores refieren tener que mediar conflictos diariamente, y la mayoría refiere adoptar el diálogo en la conducta. Entretanto, mediante test Kruskal-Wallis, se ha evidenciado que prevalecen las estrategias de imposición en la gestión de conflictos (p = 0,008), siendo las colaborativas más restrictas a la periodicidad mensual (p = 0,049). Conclusiones: los gestores perciben la importancia de la colaboración en la mediación de los conflictos, sin embargo, en el cotidiano, tienden a mantener las conductas impositivas, señalizando para un estilo de liderazgo poco transformacional.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a percepção e estratégias de gerenciamento de conflitos utilizadas por enfermeiros na gestão de pessoas em serviços de saúde portugueses. Métodos: estudo descritivo, correlacional, realizado em serviços de saúde portugueses, com amostra não probabilística intencional, totalizando 95 enfermeiros gestores. Utilizou-se um questionário e Escala de Gestão de Conflitos, sendo analisadas as variáveis de atividades gerenciais e de gestão de conflitos, com auxílio de software. Resultados: identificou-se que 60% dos gestores referem ter que mediar conflitos diariamente, e a maioria relata adotar o diálogo na conduta. Entretanto, mediante teste Kruskal-Wallis, evidenciou-se que prevalecem as estratégias de imposição na gestão de conflitos (p = 0,008), sendo as colaborativas mais restritas à periodicidade mensal (p = 0,049). Conclusões: os gestores percebem a importância da colaboração na mediação dos conflitos, contudo, no cotidiano, tendem a manter as condutas impositivas, sinalizando para um estilo de liderança pouco transformacional.

Abstract Rhinoleucophenga pallidaHendel, 1917 (type species of the genus) is redescribed based on its female holotype and a male from a nearby locality, and Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew, 1872) on its two syntypes, which are designated as the male lectotype and a female paralectotype. Both are valid species. A proposal is made to establish the genus Pseudophortica Sturtevant, 1918 (type species R. obesa), a junior synonym of Rhinoleucophenga, to subgenus rank and include all species of Rhinoleucophenga described or redescribed from males except R. pallida, which is unique in having a remarkable pedunculate surstylus, among other differences. The North American R. obesa is compared to its closest sibling, the South American species Rhinoleucophenga gigantea (Thomson, 1869). The occurrence of R. obesa in Brazil is also questioned, as suggested long ago by Marshall R. Wheeler. The specimens from Brazil previously identified as such most probably belong to the new species described in the present paper as Rhinoleucophenga (Pseudophortica) cantareira sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Estadual da Cantareira, City of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil). Numerous photomicrographs of their habitus and male terminalia taken with a Smartphone's rear camera and digitally stacked to create images with greater depth of focus are provided.

ABSTRACT Drosophila monsterae sp. nov. is described from 11 males and 13 females collected from the inside of closed inflorescences of Monstera lentii (Araceae) at 1810 m altitude in the Forest Reserve of Cerro de La Carpintera, Canton La Unión, Province of Cartago, Costa Rica. Although flies have been seen wandering and copulating inside the floral chambers of closed inflorescences during the floral female phase, eggs or larvae have not yet been found either in the spathe or in the fleshy spadix. The new species is related to Drosophila tristani Sturtevant, 1921, from San José, Costa Rica, from which it differs mainly by having smaller slightly circular compound eyes, distinctly broader genae (cheek index ca. 2.4 vs 5 in D. tristani), and the inner capsule of spermathecae with an unusual folded duct at basal half of its very wide introvert. This is the eighth species to be included in the New World, essentially Neotropical, subgenus Phloridosa. Photomicrographs of male and female terminalia are also provided.

Abstract Two new Brazilian species of Drosophila (subgenus Drosophila) are described and illustrated: Drosophila asymmetrica sp. nov. and Drosophila peixotoi sp. nov. Both species were collected, and emerged, from inflorescences of Goeppertia monophylla (Marantaceae) in the urban Forest Reserve of the Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo and their types will be deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da USP. The former species, which could not be assigned to any known group, has a conspicuously asymmetric aedeagus and a narrow oviscapt valve. The latter species belongs to the guarani group and is closely related to D. guaru, D. ornatifrons and D. subbadia, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of just one conspicuous large black spine at inner lower tip of cercus instead of two spines.

Abstract Drosophila butantan sp. nov., a species belonging to the guarani group and closely related to Drosophila nigrifemur from Bolivia, is described based on a female, and some of its offspring, collected at the forest reserve of the Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira", São Paulo City, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Although externally similar, the two apparently forest-dwelling species can be told apart by having distinct oviscapt valves and spermathecal introverts and tips. Accordingly, a proposal is made to also include D. nigrifemur, a previously unassigned species, in the guarani group. The two species seem to be also related to Drosophila alexandrei and Drosophila guaraja as indicated by their external morphology, their elongate spermathecae and the not so sharply pointed oviscapt valves. The karyotypes of the new species differ from those described for D. alexandrei and D. guaraja, while those of D. nigrifemur remain still unknown. Photomicrographs of the male and female imagines, in addition to drawings and photos of their terminalia, are also included.

RESUMO Os tumores malignos da bainha dos nervos periféricos (TMBNP) são muito raros e localizam-se mais frequentemente na região nadegueira, paraespinal, coxa ou braço; uma variante é o tumor de Triton maligno, com uma diferenciação rabdomiosarcomatosa. Apresentamos um diagnóstico diferencial desafiante de dor ciática e pé pendente em uma paciente com antecedentes de hérnia discal lombar, que se descobriu que era causada por um tumor de Triton do nervo ciático. A paciente foi submetida a excisão cirúrgica, seguida de radio e quimioterapia. Poucos casos de tumores de Triton malignos foram descritos e relatados na literatura. O tratamento recomendado é a excisão radical, seguida de radioterapia em alta dose e quimioterapia. O prognóstico, embora mau, depende da localização, do grau e das margens cirúrgicas da exérese.

ABSTRACT Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are very rare and are frequently localized in the buttocks, thigh, arm, or paraspinal region; one variant is the malignant Triton tumor, with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. The authors present a challenging differential diagnosis of a sciatic pain and foot drop in a woman with history of lumbar disk herniation, which was found to be caused by a Triton tumor of the sciatic nerve. She underwent surgical excision, followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Malignant Triton tumor cases have rarely been described and reported in the literature. The recommended treatment is radical excision followed by high-dose radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The prognosis, although poor, depends on the location, grade, and completeness of surgical margins.

ABSTRACT A yellow-bodied male appeared spontaneously in an isofemale line of Drosophila nappae established from a wild-caught female collected at the Forest Reserve of the Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira", São Paulo city, state of São Paulo, Brazil. This is the first mutation found in D. nappae, a species belonging to the tripunctata group. The yellow male was isolated and individually crossed to two wild-type (brown-colored) virgin females from the same generation, yielding numerous offspring. All F1 individuals were wild-type, but the phenotypes yielded in the F2 generation were wild-type females, and both wild-type and yellow-bodied males. The latter yellow male mutants backcrossed with virgin wild-type F1 females yielded four phenotypes (brown-colored and yellow-colored flies of both sexes), indicating an inheritance pattern of X-linked recessive. Chi-square goodness of fit tests (α = 5%) detected no significant differences among the number of flies per phenotype. The new mutation is hereby named yellow, due to its probable homology to a similar mutation with an identical inheritance pattern found in Drosophila melanogaster.

ABSTRACT Two new species of Drosophilidae from Uruguay are described and illustrated: Drosophila montevidensis sp. nov. (Holotype male in MZSP: Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo city, Department of Montevideo), and Scaptomyza pipinna sp. nov. (Holotype male in MZSP: Sarandí del Consejo, near north shore of Laguna de Castillos, Department of Rocha). The former species belongs to the D. tripunctata group and is sibling to Drosophila nappae Vilela, Valente & Basso-da-Silva, 2004, differing mainly in characters of the aedeagus. The latter is closely related to Scaptomyza striaticeps Wheeler & Takada, 1966, from which it can be distinguished by color and terminalia characters. The new Drosophila species was successfully cultured in a modified banana-agar medium which is provided. Photomicrographs of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of D. montevidensis sp. nov. are also included.

ABSTRACT In early March 2015, three males and two females of one unknown species of Drosophila were collected from a compost pile and some garbage cans in the west region of the city of São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Morphologically it is easily identified by the presence of the following conspicuous features: a brownish dorsal stripe along pleura, an entirely iridescent silvery-whitish frons when seen directly from the front, and a row of cuneiform setae on anteroventral side of femur of foreleg; the former two traits being more evident in males. The species was easily reared in a modified banana-agar medium and two isofemale lines were established allowing to obtain mitotic cells showing a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 8. Based both on morphological and chromosomal features, in addition to the geographical distribution, we concluded that the unknown flies belong to Drosophila nasuta Lamb, 1914, a tropical species of the nasuta subgroup of the Drosophila immigrans species group. Photomicrographs of male imagines, terminalia, mitotic and meiotic metaphase plates, as well as of female mitotic metaphase, are included.

The invasive spotted-wing Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) has been found in the city of São Paulo (Brazil). Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931), the cherry fly or spotted-wing Drosophila, a pest species from the Oriental and southeastern Palaearctic regions belonging to the melanogaster group, invaded the Nearctic and western countries of the Palaearctic regions late last decade (2008) and, more recently (2013), the southern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Early in 2014 it was reared from blueberries produced in São Joaquim, state of Santa Catarina, that were bought at a São Paulo city grocery store. Despite being a cold-adapted species, after having arrived to the southeastern state of São Paulo, this invasive fly will probably expand its territory to other Brazilian states and South American countries through trade of cultivated soft skin small fruits, such as blueberries and strawberries, as well as naturally through the use of small wild fruits as breeding sites.

This article is a testimonial written by the first author regarding the research work performed with Drosophila between 1943 and 1959, at the Departamento de Biologia Geral of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP), which permitted the building of a nucleus of excellence. This research work, focused on the systematics and population genetics of the Neotropical species, began during the first of Dobzhansky's six visits to USP. Special attention was given to the multinational megaprojects conducted during his longer stays, from August 1948 to July 1949 and from June 1955 to July 1956. The role played by the Rockefeller Foundation is duly remembered, and so is the undeniable contribution brought by Dobzhansky, to the establishment of several laboratories dedicated to research in the field of natural population genetics and to the qualification of human resources. On the other hand, important "backstage" episodes are retrieved which were omitted in the official history and occurred from the planning to the execution of the project, carried out on the Angra dos Reis islands. Special attention was given to the relationship problems which resulted from Dobzhansky's, the leader's, difficult personality and contributed to the failure of the second and last multinational project.